CONTENTS

1.Introduction

2.Popularity of Roman Bathing Culture

3.Bathing Rituals and Activities

Time of Bathing

Routine of Bathing

Bathing, Exercise, and Games

Bathing Order

Entertainment in Baths

Eating and Drinking in Baths

Seneca's Description of Public Baths

Hamamlarda Yeme İçme

Yearning for Republican Simplicity and Criticism of Luxury

Did Roman Baths Encourage Uncouth Behavior?

Excesses of Eating and Drinking

Sex, Nudity, Men, Women

The Roman Bath as a Democratic Institution

5.Origins and Development of Roman Baths and Bathing

Literary Evidence

The Greek Bath and the Greek Gymnasium

Fram Traditions of Rural Italy

Balneae and Thermae

Thermal Baths and Spas

Balneae ve Thermae

Archaeological and Physical Evidence

Early Examples from Pompeii, Campania, and Fregellae

The Pompeian/Campanian Bath Type and Its Dissemination

Baths in Rome, Ostia and Tivoli

Rome

Ostia

Tivoli

Baths of Hippias: A Neighborhood Bath

6. Heating and Water Supply Systems of Roman Baths

The Heating of Roman Baths

Floor Heating Systems and the Hypocaust

Sergius Orata and the Origins of Hypocaust

Wall Heating Systems

Tiles with Nipples (Tegulae Mammatae) and Box-Tiles (Tubuli)

Furnaces

Heating of Water and Boliers

Testudines Alveolorum

Laconica and Steam Bathing

Water Supply Water

7.Architecture of Roman Baths

The Thermae of Rome

The Baths of Agrippa, First among the Imperial Thermae

What Is as Bad as Nero, What Is as Good as His Thermae?

Thermae of Caracalla: The Flagship of the Imperial Thermae

The Great Costs of Building an Imperial Thermae

Life in the Great Thermae

Gymnastic Uses of the Thermae

Roman Attitudes toward Gymnastics and the Gymnasium

Athletic Clubs in Thermae

Libraries and Classrooms in Thermae

The Immersive Sensory Experience of Thermae

8.Provincial Baths of North Africa

Imperial Thermae in North Africa

Hadrianic Baths in Lepcis Magna

Antonine Thermae in Cartage

Large East Baths in Lepcis Magna

The Large Baths at Djemila and the Baths of Licinius at Dougga

The Baths of Julia Memmia at Bulla Regia - An Example of the Half-Axial Type

Small Baths with Creative Plans

The Small Baths at Chercel and the South Baths at Karanis

The Small Central Baths at Timgad

The Hunting Baths at Lepcis Magna: " Purely Functional Form"

The Small Baths at Thenae

The Baths of Pompeianus at Qued Athmenia

9.Baths and Bathing in Asia Minor: The Gymnastic Tradition

The Bath-Gymnasium Complex: A New Arhitectural Type

The Baths of Vergilius Capito at Miletus: An Early Bath-Gymnasium

The Harbor Bath-Gymnasium at Ephesus: A Grand Establishment

The Vedius Bath-Gymnasium at Ephesus and the Imperial Bath-Gymnasium at Sardis

The Imperial Halls and the "Marble Court" of Sardis

An Unusual and Awkward Plan: The East Bath-Gymnasium at Ephesus and the Bath Gymnasium at Alexandria Troas

The Baths of Faustina at Miletus: An Asymmetrical Arrangement The Bath-Gymnasium during Late Antiquity

Baths of the Southern Hilly Regions: Lycia, Pamphylia, and Psidia

The Baths of Rough Cilicia

"Hall Type" Baths and Their Social Significance

10.Bathing and Baths in the East during the Late Antique and Byzantine Periods: New Paradigms of Social Use

The Baths of Constantinople

The Thermae of Zeuxippos

The Neighborhood Triology: The Mansion, the Church, and the Bath

Roman Baths of Antioch

"Somewhat to Our Dismay, It (Is) Another Bath": Bath C

Bath E

Small Baths in Syria as Agents of a New Social Paradigm

Some Thoughts on the Sources of the New Social Meaning in Bath Design and Use

Some Large Baths in Syria

11.Transformation of Roman Baths and Bathing in Christian and Islamic Societies

Christianity and the Changing Bathing Culture: "He Who Has Bathed in Christ Has No Need of a Second Bath"

What Christianity Really Objected to in Bathing

Alousia or The State of Being Unwashed

Early Islamic Baths in Syria: A Seemless Tradition

An Islamic Palace Bath: Khirbat al-Mafjar

The Bath as a Pleasurable Gathering of Friends in Islamic Society

12.Baths, Bathing,and Cleanliness in Postclassical European Societies

Baths in the Middle Ages: Agents of Hygiene of "Aesthetic Promiscuity"

"Bath Houses, Flee from Them or You Shall Die!"

Water as a Harmful Element and Cleanliness as a Matter of Appearance

Western Christianity and Latter-Day Alousia

Rediscovery of Public Bathing

Oriental Baths and Orientalism

Selected Biography

Glossary

Index